Biostatistics

Contents

  1. 1 Statistical Inference
  2. 2 A series of "Tutorials in Biostatistics" published in Statistics in Medicine
  3. 3 A series of tutorials in biostatistics published in British Medical Journal (BMJ)
    1. 3.1 Introduction - Data Types
    2. 3.2 Hypothesis testing
    3. 3.3 Regression, Correlation and Analysis of Variance
    4. 3.4 Binary and survival Data
    5. 3.5 Diagnostic Tests
    6. 3.6 Measurement Error and Repeated Measurements
    7. 3.7 Clinical Trials
    8. 3.8 Special Topics


Statistical Inference

  • Reinert G. Statistical Theory. 2009 [PDF] 
  • Michael W. Trosset. An Introduction to Statistical Inference and Its Applications. 2006 [PDF]
  • Colquhoun D. 2014 An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values. R. Soc. open sci. 1: 140216. [PDF]
  • Nuzzo R. 2014. Scientific method: Statistical errors. Nature 606(7487) 150-152 [PDF]
  • S N Goodman and R Royall. Evidence and scientific research. Am J Public Health. 1988; 78(12): 1568–1574.  [PDF]
  • Krantz DH. The Null Hypothesis Testing Controversy in Psychology. 1999 44(448) 1372-1381 [PDF]
  • Cohen J. The Earth is round (<0.05).  American Psychologist. 1994 49 (12) 997-1003 [PDF]
  • Steven N. Goodman, Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:995-1004 [PDF]
  • Steven N. Goodman, A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P-Value Misconceptions. Sem Hem. 2008 4(3) 135-140
    [PDF]

A series of "Tutorials in Biostatistics" published in Statistics in Medicine

  • Julious SA. Sample sizes for clinical trials with normal data. Statistics in medicine. 2004;23(12):1921-86.
  • Goldstein H, Browne W, Rasbash J. Multilevel modelling of medical data. Statistics in medicine. 2002;21(21):3291-315. [PDF]
  • Kraemer H. Events per person-time (incidence rate): A misleading statistic? Statistics in medicine. 2009;(December 2008):1028-1039.
  • Houwelingen HC, Arends LR, Stijnen T. Advanced methods in meta-analysis: multivariate approach and meta-regression. Statistics in Medicine. 2002;624(June 2001):589-624.
  • Lindsey JC, Ryan LM. Methods for interval-censored data. Statistics in medicine. 1998;17(2):219-38. .
  • Agostino RB. PROPENSITY SCORE METHODS FOR BIAS REDUCTION IN THE COMPARISON OF A TREATMENT TO A NON-RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP. Statistics in Medicine. 1998;2281:2265-2281. [PDF]
  • Park T, Lee Y. Covariance models for nested repeated measures data: analysis of ovarian steroid secretion data. Statistics in medicine. 2002;164(January 2001):143-164.
  • Senn S, Stevens L, Chaturvedi N. Repeated measures in clinical trials: simple strategies for analysis using summary measures. Statistics in medicine. 2000;(January 1998):861-877.
  • Olson J, Witte J, Elston R. Genetic mapping of complex traits. Statistics in medicine. 1999;2981(June 1998):2961-2981.[PDF]
  • Sullivan LM, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB. Presentation of multivariate data for clinical use: The Framingham Study risk score functions. Statistics in medicine. 2004;23(10):1631-60. [PDF]
  • Burton P, Gurrin L, Sly P. Extending the simple linear regression model to account for correlated responses: An introduction to generalized estimating equations and multi-level mixed modelling. Statistics in Medicine. 1998;17(11):1261-1291.
  • Chuang-Stein C, Agresti A. A review of tests for detecting a monotone dose–response relationship with ordinal response data. Statistics in Medicine. 1997;16(22):2599-2618.
  • Carlin JB, Wolfe R, Coffey C, Patton GC. Analysis of binary outcomes in longitudinal studies using weighted estimating equations and discrete-time survival methods: prevalence and incidence of smoking in an adolescent cohort. Statistics in Medicine. 1999;18(19):2655-2679.
  • Chmura Kraemer H, Periyakoil VS, Noda A. Kappa coefficients in medical research. Statistics in medicine. 2002;21(14):2109-29. [PDF]
  • Agresti A, Hartzel J. Strategies for comparing treatments on a binary response with multi-centre data. Statistics in medicine. 2000;(June 1999):1115-1139.
  • Normand S. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting. Statistics in Medicine. 1999;19(5):759-61.
  • Harrell FE, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable Prognostic Models: Issues in Developing Models, Evaluating Assumptions and Adequacy, and Measuring and Reducing Errors. Statistics in Medicine. 1996;15(4):361-387. [PDF]
  • Cnaan A, Laird N, Slasor P. Using the general linear mixed model to analyse unbalanced repeated measures and longitudinal data. Statistics in Medicine. 1997;16. [PDF]
  • Bull K, Spiegelhalter DJ. Survival Analysis in Observational Studies. Statistics in Medicine.1997;16(9):1041-1074. [PDF]
  • Sullivan LM, Dukes KA, Losina E. An introduction to hierarchical linear modelling. Statistics in medicine. 1999;18(7):855-88.[PDF]
  • Blume JD. Likelihood methods for measuring statistical evidence. Statistics in medicine. 2002;21(17):2563-99. [PDF].
  • Chao A, Tsay PK, Lin S, Shau W, Chao D. The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data. Statistics in Medicine. 2001;3157(February 2000):3123-3157.[PDF]
  • Goldstein H. longitudinal data analysis (repeated measures) in clinical trials. Statistics in medicine. 2000;19(13):1821. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861780.
  • Hogan JW, Roy J, Korkontzelou C. Handling drop-out in longitudinal studies. Statistics in medicine. 2004;23(9):1455-97. [PDF]
  • Fayers PM, Ashby D, Parmar MK. Bayesian data monitoring in clinical trials. Statistics in medicine. 1997;16(12):1413-30. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9232762.
  • Heather J Whitaker, C Paddy Farrington, Bart Spiessens, Patrick Musonda (2006)  Tutorial in biostatistics: the self-controlled case series method. Statistics in medicine 25 (10) p. 1768-97[PDF]

A series of tutorials in biostatistics published in British Medical Journal (BMJ)

Introduction - Data Types

  • Altman D, Bland J. Statistics notes: units of analysis. British Medical Journal. 1997;314(June) [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Variables and Parameters. BMJ. 2005:1998-1998.[PDF]
  • Altman D, Bland J. Presentation of numerical data. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1996;312:1996-1996.[PDF]
  • Bland J, Altman D. Statistics notes: transforming data. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:1996-1996. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Logarithms. BMJ. 1996;312(March):16000-16000.[PDF]
  • Bland J, Altman D. Statistics notes: validating scales and indexes. British Medical Journal. 2002;324(March):606-607. [PDF]
  • Altman D. Statistics and ethics in medical research: study design. British Medical Journal. 1980;281:6-8. [PDF]

Hypothesis testing


  • D G Altman. Statistics and ethics in medical research: V--Analysing data. Br Med J. 1980 November 29; 281(6253): 1473–1475. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. the normal distribution. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1995;310(6975):298.[PDF]
  • Altman D, Bland J. Detecting skewness from summary information. British Medical Journal. 1996;313 (November):1996-1996. [PDF]
  • D. G. Altman, J. M. Bland. Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles. BMJ. 1994 October 15; 309(6960): 996. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Standard deviations and standard errors. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2005;331(7521):903. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. One and two sided tests of significance. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1994;309(6949):248. [PDF]
  • Altman D, Bland J. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. British Medical Journal. 1995;311:1994-1994.[PDF]
  • Gardner M, Altman D. Confidence intervals rather than P values: estimation rather than hypothesis testing. British Medical Journal. 1986;292:746-750. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. BMJ. 1995;310(January):1995-1995 [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Transformations, means, and confidence intervals. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1996;312(7038):1079. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. The use of transformation when comparing two means. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1996;312(7039):1153. [PDF]
  • J. M. Bland, S. M. Kerry. Statistics notes. Weighted comparison of means. BMJ. 1998 January 10; 316(7125): 129. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Bayesians and frequentists. BMJ. 1998;317(October):1998-1998.[PDF]

Regression, Correlation and Analysis of Variance

  • Altman DG, Gardner MJ. Calculating confidence intervals for regression and correlation. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.). 1988;296(6631):1238-42. [PDF]
  • Altman D, Bland J. Generalisation and extrapolation. BMJ. British medical journal. 1998;317:401-410. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Comparing several groups using analysis of variance. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1996;312(7044):1472-3. [PDF]
  • Altman D, Matthews J. Interaction 1: heterogeneity of effects. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1996;313(August):318771-318771. [PDF]
  • Matthews J, Altman D. Statistics Notes: Interaction 2: compare effect sizes not P values. British Medical Journal. 1996;313(September):1996-1996. [PDF]
  • Matthews JN, Altman DG. Interaction 3: How to examine heterogeneity. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1996;313(7061):862. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2003;326(7382):219.[PDF]

Binary and survival Data

  • Bland J, Altman D. Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. British Medical Journal. 1997:570-572. [PDF]
  • Bland J, Altman D. Statistics notes: the odds ratio. British Medical Journal. 2000;16(11-12):1114-1115. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Royston P. The cost of dichotomising continuous variables. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2006;332(7549):1080. [PDF]
  • Altman D, Bland J. Statistics Notes: Time to event (survival) data. British Medical Journal. 1998;317(August). [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Survival probabilities (the Kaplan-Meier method). BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1998;317(7172):1572. [PDF].
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. The logrank test. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2004;328(7447):1073. [PDF]

Diagnostic Tests

  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests. 1: Sensitivity and specificity. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1994;308(6943):1552. [PDF]
  • Altman D, Bland J. Diagnostic tests 2: Predictive values. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1994; 309(July): 16104-16104. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots. 1994;309(July):1994-1994.[PDF]
  • Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Diagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2004;329(7458):168-9. [PDF]

Measurement Error and Repeated Measurements

  • J N Matthews, D G Altman, M J Campbell, P Royston. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. BMJ. 1990 January 27; 300(6719): 230–235.[PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations:Part 1-correlation within subjects. BMJ. 1995;310(February):1995-1995.[PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistics Notes Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations : Part 2-correlation between subjects. BMJ. 1995;310(March):1995-1995. [PDF]
  • Andrew J, Douglas G. Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. British Medical Journal. 2001;323(November):1123-1124. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Measurement error and correlation coefficients. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1996;313(7048):41-2. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Correlation, regression, and repeated data. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1994;308(6933):896. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Measurement error proportional to the mean. BMJ. 1996;313(JuLY):1996-1996.[PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Measurement error. BMJ. 1996;313(September):1996-1996.[PDF]
  • Bland J, Altman D. Statistics notes: some examples of regression towards the mean. British Medical Journal. 1994;309:1994-1994. [PDF]
  • Stigler SM. Regression towards the mean, historically considered. Statistical methods in medical research. 1997;6(2):103-14.  [PDF]

Clinical Trials

  • Airman D. Statistics and ethics in medical research. 3 How large a sample. British Medical Journal. 1980;281(November):1336-1338. [PDF]
  • M. J. Campbell, S. A. Julious, D. G. Altman. Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical, and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons. BMJ. 1995 October 28; 311(7013): 1145–1148. [PDF]
  • Altman D. Randomisation: essential for reducing bias. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1991;(June):1481-1482. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Treatment allocation in controlled trials: why randomise? BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1999;318(7192):1209. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. How to randomise. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1999;319(7211):703-4. [PDF]
  • Bland JM, Altman DG. Matching. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1994;309(6962):1128. [PDF].
  • Day S, Altman D. Statistics notes: blinding in clinical trials and other studies. British Medical Journal. 2000;321(August):2000-2000. [PDF]
  • Altman DG, Schulz KF. Concealing treatment allocation in randomised trials. BMJ. 2001;323(August):446-447. [PDF].
  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Treatment allocation by minimisation. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2005;330(7495):843. [PDF]

Special Topics

  • Altman DG, Bland JM. Missing data. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2007;334(7590):424. [PDF].
  • J. M. Bland, S. M. Kerry. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ. 1997 September 6; 315(7108): 600. [PDF]
  • S. M. Kerry, J. M. Bland. Analysis of a trial randomised in clusters. BMJ. 1998 January 3; 316(7124): 54.[PDF]
  • S. M. Kerry, J. M. Bland. Sample size in cluster randomisation. BMJ. 1998 February 14; 316(7130): 549. [PDF]
  • Sally M Kerry, J Martin Bland. The intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomisation. BMJ. 1998 May 9; 316(7142): 1455–1460.[PDF]
  • Altman DG. Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1998;317(7168):1309-12. [PDF]
  • Douglas G Altman, Per Kragh Andersen. Calculating the number needed to treat for trials where the outcome is time to an event. BMJ. 1999 December 4; 319(7223): 1492–1495.[PDF]
  • Altman DG. Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2001;323(7306):224-8. [PDF].
  • Egger M, Smith GD. Meta-Analysis. Potentials and promise.BMJ. 1997;315(7119):1371-4.[PDF]
  • Egger M, Smith GD, Phillips AN. Meta-analysis: principles and procedures.BMJ. 1997;315(7121):1533-7.[PDF]
  • Davey Smith G, Egger M, Phillips AN. Meta-analysis. Beyond the grand mean? BMJ. 1997; 315(7122):1610-4.[PDF]
  • Egger M, Smith GD. Bias in location and selection of studies.BMJ. 1998; 316(7124):61-6 [PDF]
  • Egger M, Schneider M, Davey Smith G. Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies.BMJ. 1998; 316(7125):140-4.[PDF]
  • Davey Smith G, Egger M. Meta-analysis. Unresolved issues and future developments.BMJ. 1998; 316(7126): 221-5.[PDF]
  • Altman DG. Statistics and ethics in medical research. VIII-Improving the quality of statistics in medical journals. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.). 1981;282(6257):44-7 [PDF].
  • Altman D. Statistics and ethics in medical research. Misuse of statistics is unethical. British Medical Journal. 1980;281(November):1182-1184. [PDF]


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